Two stage detection for photographic eye artifacts

ABSTRACT

An image acquisition device includes a first speed-optimized filter for producing a first set of candidate red-eye regions for an acquired image; and a second analysis-optimized filter for operating on the first set of candidate red eye regions and the acquired image.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to digital image processing, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for detection and correction of red-eye defects and/or other artifacts in an acquired digital image.

2. Description of the Related Art

Redeye is the appearance of an unnatural reddish coloration of the pupils of a person appearing in an image captured by a camera with flash illumination. Redeye is caused by light from the flash reflecting off blood vessels in the person's retina and returning to the camera.

A large number of image processing techniques have been proposed to detect and correct redeye in color images. In general, these techniques typically are semi-automatic or automatic. Semi-automatic redeye detection techniques rely on human input. For example, in some semi-automatic redeye reduction systems, a user must manually identify to the system the areas of an image containing redeye before the defects can be corrected.

Many automatic redeye reduction systems rely on a preliminary face detection step before redeye areas are detected. A common automatic approach involves detecting faces in an image and, subsequently, detecting eyes within each detected face. After the eyes are located, redeye is identified based on shape, coloration, and brightness of image areas corresponding to the detected eye locations. In general, face-detection-based automatic redeye reduction techniques have high computation and memory resource requirements. In addition, most of the face detection algorithms are only able to detect faces that are oriented in an upright frontal view. These approaches generally do not detect faces that are rotated in-plane or out-of-plane with respect to the image plane.

A redeye filter process is illustrated in FIG. 1(a). An input image is first analyzed by a speed optimized redeye detection stage 100 at a pixel level 103 and segmented into candidate redeye regions 104. A further series of falsing and verification filters 106 are then applied to the candidate regions and a set of confirmed redeye regions 108 is thus determined. A correction filter (pixel modifier) 102 is next applied to the confirmed regions and a final image 112, corrected for redeye, is generated.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,777 to inventor DeLuca discloses in-camera detection and correction of redeye pixels in an acquired digital image, while US published patent application 2002/0176623 to inventor Steinberg discloses automated real-time detection and correction of redeye defects optimized for handheld devices (each of these is assigned to the same assignee as the present application, as are U.S. application Ser. Nos. 10/919,226, filed Aug. 16, 2004, 10/772,092, filed Feb. 4, 2004, 10/773,092, filed Feb. 4, 2004, and 10/635,918, filed Aug. 5, 2003). US published patent applications 2005/0047655 and 2005/0047656 to Luo et al disclose techniques for detecting and correcting redeye in a digital image and in embedded systems, respectively. The aforementioned patent and published and unpublished patent applications are all hereby incorporated by reference.

Within an image acquisition subsystem such as is embodied in typical digital cameras, a peak computing load and resource requirements occur around the time of image acquisition. Upon receiving an image acquisition request from the user the main embedded processing system refines the image focus and exposure to achieve an optimal main acquired image. This image, in turn, is off-loaded from the main optical sensor of the camera and subjected to further image processing to convert it from its raw format (e.g. Bayer) to a conventional color space such as RGB or YCC. Finally the acquired image is compressed prior to saving it on a removable storage medium such as a compact flash or multimedia card.

The time taken by the camera to recover from the acquisition of a first image and reinitialize itself to capture a second image is referred to as the “click-to-click” time. This parameter is used in the comparison and marketing of modern digital cameras. It is desired for manufacturers to minimize this “click-to-click” time. Thus, it is desired that any additional image processing, such as redeye filtering, which is to be added to the main image acquisition chain should be highly optimized for speed of execution in order to minimize its impact on the click-to-click time of the main system. Such a redeye filter typically compromises its overall performance in terms of accuracy of detection of redeye defects and quality of image correction.

An alternative would be to wait until after the main image has been acquired and perform the redeye filtering at a later time when the camera may execute the filter as a background process, or to perform the redeye filtering off-camera on a desktop PC or printer. There can be drawbacks to this alternative approach, though. First, images are displayed on the acquiring device, immediately after acquisition, with uncorrected redeye defects. Second, when images are accessed in playback mode, there is a further delay while images are post-processed before an image can be displayed. Both drawbacks would create a negative impression on end users.

Further, as most digital cameras store images using lossy compression techniques there can be additional disadvantages with respect to image quality as images are decompressed and recompressed in order to perform redeye detection and correction processes in playback or background modes. Such loss of image quality may not become apparent until later when a user wishes to print an image and it is too late to reverse the process.

If redeye processing is delayed until the images are loaded onto another device, such as a desktop PC or printer, there can be further disadvantages. First, meta-data relating to the acquiring device and its state at the time the image was acquired may not be available to the redeye filter process. Second, this post-processing device performs redeye filtering on the entire image; so that for an embedded device such as a printer that may be relatively constrained in terms of CPU cycles and processing resources for its primary post-processing activity, it would be desirable to optimize the performance of the full redeye filter. It is generally desired to optimize the detection of red-eye defects in digital images for embedded image acquisition and processing systems.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A two-stage redeye filtering process is provided whereby a speed optimized filter performs the initial segmentation of candidate redeye regions and optionally applies a speed-optimized set of falsing/verification filters to determine a first set of confirmed redeye regions for correction. Some of the candidate regions which are rejected during the first stage are recorded and re-analyzed during a second stage by an alternative set of analysis-optimized filters to determine a second set of confirmed redeye regions.

Optionally, the first set of confirmed redeye regions may be passed through the second stage analysis-optimized filters.

In an alternative embodiment, the second stage filter may incorporate an enhanced correction filter which may be optionally applied to the first set of confirmed redeye regions.

A process is provided including implementing a two-stage redeye filter wherein a first redeye filter process, which is optimized for speed, is combined with a second redeye process which is optimized for accurate image analysis. The advantages of a redeye filter implemented within a main image acquisition chain are combined with those of a redeye filter implemented in background/playback mode, while disadvantages generally associated with each of these two approaches are reduced or eliminated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1(a) illustrates a redeye process.

FIG. 1(b) illustrates a redeye process according to a preferred embodiment.

FIG. 1(c) illustrates a redeye process according to an alternative embodiment.

FIG. 2(a) illustrates an embodiment within a digital image acquisition device.

FIG. 2(b) illustrates an embodiment wherein analysis-optimized redeye filtering is performed on a separate device from an acquiring device.

FIG. 3(a) illustrates a process according to an embodiment whereby a speed-optimized redeye detector is applied to a partially compressed DCT block image.

FIG. 3(b) is a workflow diagram of an illustrative embodiment of an improved in-camera redeye detection component employing a redeye DCT prefilter.

FIG. 3(c) is a workflow diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the redeye DCT prefilter.

FIG. 3(d) illustrates segmentation of a redeye DCT prefilter.

FIG. 3(e) shows a 4-DCT block neighborhood.

FIG. 4(a) illustrates eye regions mapped onto a rectangular grid.

FIG. 4(b) illustrates the approximate color which will be recorded by a DC coefficient of each DCT block after the image of FIG. 4(a) is transformed into the DCT domain.

FIGS. 4(c), 4(d) and 4(e) illustrate DCT blocks from FIG. 4(a) that can be identified with the colors of a redeye candidate region, an eye-white region and a skin color region, respectively, through the use of an inclusive color determining filter method;

FIG. 5 illustrates a functional implementation of a modified redeye filtering process according to another embodiment.

FIG. 6(a) illustrates an original defect region stored in a header and a corrected defect region applied to a main image body.

FIG. 6(b) illustrates a corrected defect region stored in the header and the original defect region remaining uncorrected in the main image body.

FIG. 6(c) illustrates an original defect region and at least one alternative corrected defect region stored in the header and the optimally determined corrected defect region applied to the main image body.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A red eye process in accordance with a preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1(b). An input image 110 is processed by a pixel analyzer 103, segmented into a set of candidate regions 104 and subsequently passed through a set of falsing & verification filters 106. these components form a speed optimized redeye detection filter 100 corresponding generally to the filter 100 of FIG. 1(a), except that in the embodiment illustrated at FIG. 1(b), filter 100 is modified so that candidate redeye regions which, instead of being ultimately classified as false positives, based on their size or probability being below a predetermined threshold are saved as candidate regions 109 for a subsequent optimized analysis 101.

Thus, in this embodiment the falsing & verification filters 106 generates a set of secondary candidate regions 109 in addition to the set of confirmed redeye regions 108. The set of secondary candidate regions may include members of the original candidate region set 104, which could be neither confirmed nor eliminated by the speed optimized redeye detection process 100. It may also include combined candidate regions in close proximity to each other.

This set of candidate regions 109 is saved either in a RAM buffer, or in non-volatile memory depending on the implementation of the embodiment. Where the data is saved in RAM (or volatile) memory, the image acquisition system applies the second stage redeye filter to the image prior to powering down. The preferred form of storage is in non-volatile memory, or on a removable media card. In other embodiments this data may be stored in the image header with the part-processed image itself.

In this embodiment, a second stage, analysis optimised redeye filter 101 is next applied to the secondary set of candidate regions 109. During the analysis optimized detection process 101, the saved candidate regions 109 are preferably further analyzed at a higher resolution than during the speed optimized process. Thus, the filter 101 includes an analysis optimized set of falsing and verification filters 116, which differ either in their nature or in their operating parameters from the falsing and verification filters 106 employed in the speed optimized analysis. Nonetheless, it will be appreciated that it may be useful to perform one or more intermediate stages of optimized analysis at increasing image resolutions. This will depend on the hardware capabilities of the imaging appliance and the resources available within the image processing subsystems of the imaging appliance.

Second stage analysis may occur in response to a variety of external events. For example, a user may initiate image playback causing this filter 101 to be applied. Alternatively, a camera may signal that it has been idle for a predetermined interval and thus background redeye processing may be initiated. Where a camera can determine its motion from auto-focus data, e.g., when a camera is idle such that image focus does not change for a predetermined interval and no user input is received, background image processing including stage-two redeye filtering may be initiated.

After a set of confirmed redeye regions 118 is determined by the second stage redeye filter 101, a correction filter (pixel modifier) 102 is applied and these corrected regions are merged 115 with the initial corrected image 112 to generate a final corrected image 113.

An alternative embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 1(c) which differs from the embodiment of FIG. 1(b) in that a single correction filter (pixel modifier) 102 b is applied after the second stage redeye filter 101, rather than merging the initial corrected image 112 with the corrected regions determined by the stage-two filter 101. The filter 102 b corrects both the original confirmed redeye regions 108 and the second stage confirmed redeye regions 118 to produce the final corrected image 113.

FIG. 2(a) illustrates an embodiment within a digital image acquisition device. The speed optimized redeye filter 411 may contains both detection 411-1, 411-2 & 411-4 and, optionally, correction 411-3 processes. Similarly, the analysis optimized redeye filter 412, which may operate as a background process 403, performs additional refinements to the initial determinations and corrections of the speed optimized filter 411. Data related to these initial determinations is provided by the redeye filter metadata 410-5 which is stored with the acquired image 410-2 in an image store 410.

FIG. 2(b) illustrates a variation on the embodiment of FIG. 2(a) wherein the analysis optimized redeye filter is performed on a separate device 400 to the original acquiring device. This may be, for example, a desktop PC, or a printer. In other embodiments the camera may connect directly to a network or web service. The image data transfer means 404 a, 404 b may be either a point-to-point communications link between the two devices. A removable storage media may be physically exchanged between the two devices, or alternatively both devices may be connected to a common network such as the internet. In other embodiments, the redeye filter metadata 410-5 may be incorporated with the main image data 410-2 by adding the metadata to the JPEG header (see FIG. 3(a)). Background redeye filters may operate on both the original acquiring device 400 and a separate device 400′. Supporting multiple redeye filters of increasing sophistication can involve exchange and storage of complex and detailed metadata with the image being analyzed and corrected.

For an exemplary, non-exhaustive list of some typical filters that may be found in either the speed or analysis-optimized redeye filters 411, 412, see U.S. published application Ser. No. 10/976,336, filed Oct. 28, 2004, which is assigned to the same assignee as the present application and is hereby incorporated by reference.

In the embodiments above, speed optimized redeye detection 100 is preferably applied to a sub-sampled input image. The confirmed redeye regions 108 from this speed optimized redeye detection 100 are passed to a redeye correction module 102/102 a. The corrected redeye image 112 can be displayed on a low-resolution viewing screen of a digital camera immediately after the image acquisition process providing the user with a redeye corrected image almost instantly. However, although this initial corrected image 112 may be adequately corrected, for example, where it is a portrait-style image in which a face occupies most of an image or where large high probability red-eye regions exist, it may not be adequately corrected for images including a large groups of persons, where the candidate redeye regions are smaller or less certain. Accordingly, the second analysis optimized redeye filtering process 101 is preferably implemented after image acquisition but prior to final image 113 display on a larger viewer, or image printing. The analysis optimized redeye detection process 101 and correction process 102 may be advantageously delayed until such high resolution viewing or printing is desired by the end user.

In the embodiments of FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), the sub-sampled versions of the main image or well as uncorrected full size versions of the main image may be provided directly from main image acquisition device hardware 402 rather than needing to explicitly sub-sample a decoded full size main image.

As in the case of FIG. 1(c), image correction need not be performed on images within the acquisition chain and can in fact be performed in the background on acquired images for which speed optimised redeye detection has been performed in the acquisition chain. This is advantageous in many image acquisition appliances where image compression is often implemented in hardware as part of the main image acquisition chain 401. In this embodiment, only the detection process is actually performed in the acquisition chain. A speed optimized correction or a full analysis optimized redeye filter may be subsequently selected in playback mode either based on a predetermined setting within the camera, or on a user selection at the time of image playback/viewing.

In the embodiment of FIG. 3(a), an acquired raw image 402 is partially processed 404 before being provided to DCT compression block 408-1. This block provides a sub-sampled version of the acquired image and, although not shown, this can be provided to the image store 410 as explained above. A speed optimized redeye detector 428 is then applied to the partially compressed DCT block image and DCT red-eye candidate regions both corrected and suspected uncorrected regions are output for storage in the store 410. An advantage of applying speed optimised correction at DCT block level, rather than at the pixel level, is that the need for an explicit image subsampling step is avoided, yet the benefits of applying redeye analysis to a sub-sampled image as detailed in the prior art cited herein are retained.

The regions output by the DCT prefilter 428, incorporated in the main image acquisition chain 401, can advantageously allow much of the DCT block stream to be bypassed without being processed when an image is subsequently corrected by a filter such as a background filter module 426. This allows either much faster or more detailed analysis and filtering of the DCT blocks which are determined to require processing by an analysis optimized redeye filter 406. Those skilled in the art will realize that further embodiments are possible which separate aspects of both the DCT prefilter and the otherwise conventional type redeye filter 406 between the main image acquisition chain, 401 and a background redeye detection and correction process 426.

FIG. 3(b) shows in more detail the operation of the redeye DCT prefilter 428. This particular example illustrates how the DCT prefilter can integrate with the main image acquisition, processing and compression chain, 402, 404 and 408 of FIG. 3(a). The DCT image to be filtered is first loaded into memory 902 after which the main DCT prefilter 428 is applied. This has three main stages. First, the DCT blocks of the image are scanned 904 and the relevant DCT coefficients are extracted. Depending on the sophistication of the filter, perhaps only the DC components of each DCT block may be utilized in the subsequent analysis. Alternatively, some of the AC components may be extracted in order to allow some texture or sharpness/blur determination as part of the prefilter operation.

In a second principle stage of the DCT prefilter 428, the DCT blocks are segmented and grouped 906 based on a plurality of criteria determined from the coefficients extracted at step 904. A region based analysis is performed 907 in order to determine the final candidate redeye groupings. It is next determined if there are any valid candidate grouping 908 and if not the normal JPEG compression process is resumed 408-2. If candidate regions are determined 908 then a bounding region is determined for each region 910 which is sufficiently large to include various eye-region features which may be used as part of a main redeye filter process 411/412 of FIG. 3(a). If the certainty of the region being a flash eye defect is high enough, a bounding box region may be decompressed to bitmap format 912 and a speed optimized redeye filter chain 914 may be applied to correct that region of the main image 914. The corrected regions in bitmap space are next mapped to an integer number of 8×8 block boundaries and are recompressed 918 and subsequently overwritten 920 onto the DCT domain. Finally, normal JPEG compression is resumed 408-2. As mentioned previously each of the corrected region boundaries and suspected region boundaries may be output for use in later analysis optimized detection and correction.

FIG. 3(c) shows the region based analysis 907 of FIG. 3(b) in more detail. First, the DCT coefficients are read 930 from a DCT image in temporary memory store. These coefficients are then preprocessed into a set of criteria tables 932. Each table is preferably a numeric table of size N×M where there are N×M DCT blocks in the image being analyzed. As examples, one such table will contain the red chrominance component normalized to emphasize a colour range associated with flash eye defects and derived from the DC coefficients for the luminance (Y) and red chrominance (Cr) components of each DCT block. Another table may contain differential values derived from neighboring DCT blocks and used in edge detection. Yet another table may contain variance values calculated across a set of neighboring DCT blocks. Those skilled in the art will realize that as an implementation of the DCT prefilter becomes increasingly sophisticated that multiple additional criteria may be incorporated into the algorithm.

After the calculations required for each criteria table have been completed 932 they are copied into temporary storage 933 and the prefilter algorithm will next perform a filtering and segmentation step 907 for each of the plurality of criteria tables. This particular step is further detailed in FIG. 3(d) below. Now the prefilter has determined a plurality of sets of DCT block grouping based on the segmentation analysis of a plurality of criteria tables. These groupings are sorted and analyzed to determine a final set of flash defect candidate regions.

This region-based analysis 936 is comprised of a number of alternative techniques which will be known to those skilled in the art. In particular, we mention that regions may be combined both in inclusive, exclusive and less frequently in mutually exclusive combinations 936-1. An alternative approach to region-based analysis will employ template matching 936-2. An example is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,727 to Nakano, which is hereby incorporated by reference. A subregion is matched within a DCT image using both coarse and fine template matching techniques based on the DC coefficients of the DCT blocks within the image.

A component of the region based analysis is a re-segmentation engine 92-6 which is responsible for analyzing larger regions which may, in fact, be two distinct overlapping regions, or clusters of smaller regions which may, in fact, be a single larger region. Then once the region based analysis 936 is completed a final LUT containing the list of determined flash defect candidate regions is obtained and written to system memory.

FIG. 3(d) shows the segmentation step 907 of the redeye DCT prefilter in more detail. The next preprocessed criteria table to be processed by the segmentation process is first loaded 950 and the labeling LUT for the region grouping process is initialized 952. Next the current DCT block and DCT block neighborhoods are initialized 954.

FIG. 3(e) shows a diagrammatic representation of a 4-DCT block neighborhood 992 containing the three upper DCT blocks and the DCT block to the left of the current DCT block 994, which is cross-hatched in FIG. 3(e). This 4-block neighborhood 992 is used in the labeling algorithm of this exemplary embodiment. A look-up table, LUT, is defined to hold correspondence labels.

Returning to step 954 we see that after initialization is completed the next step for the workflow of FIG. 3(d) is to begin a recursive iteration through all the elements of the current criteria table in a raster-scan from top-left to bottom-right. The workflow next determines if the current criteria table value, associated with the current DCT block satisfies membership criteria for a candidate redeye region 958. Essentially this implies that the current criteria table value has properties which are compatible with a flash eye defect. If the current criteria table value satisfies membership criteria for a segment 958, then the algorithm checks for other member DCT blocks in the 4-block neighborhood 960. If there are no other member blocks, then the current block is assigned membership of the current label 980. The LUT is then updated 982 and the current label value is incremented 984. If there are other member blocks in the 4-block neighborhood 960 then the current block is given membership in the segment with the lowest label value 962 and the LUT is updated accordingly 516. After the current block has been labeled as part of a flash-eye defect segment 962 or 980, or has been categorized as not being a member of a candidate defect region during step 958, a test is then performed to determine if it is the last DCT block in the image 966. If the current block is the last block in the image then a final update of the LUT is performed 970. Otherwise the next criteria table value is obtained by incrementing the current block pointer 968 and returning to step 958 and is processed in the same manner. Once the final DCT block is processed and the final LUT completed 970, all of the blocks with segment membership are sorted into a labeled-segment table of potential eye-defect segments 972. Another test is then made to determine if this is the last criteria table to be processed 966 and if that is the case then control is passed to the region based analysis step of FIG. 3(c) 936. Otherwise the block segmentor returns to step 950 and loads the next criteria table for processing.

A number of alternative techniques can advantageously be adapted for use within the redeye DCT prefilter. U.S. Pat. No. 5,949,904 to Delp discloses querying image colors within a DCT block. In particular it allows the determination of color within the DCT block from the DC coefficient of the DCT alone. Thus from a knowledge of the DC coefficients alone color matching can be achieved. U.S. Pat. No. 6,621,867 to Sazzad et al discloses determining the presence of edges within DCT blocks based on differences between the DC coefficients in neighbouring DCT blocks.

Now additional image qualities such as texture and image sharpness/blur can be determined through an analysis of additional AC components within a DCT block. Examples of such analysis techniques are described in US patent application No. 2004/0120598 to Feng and US patent application No. 2004/0057623 to Schuhurke et al.

Alternative DCT block segmentation techniques may be employed in other embodiments, and specifically techniques described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,777 to DeLuca, U.S. Pat. No. 6,873,743 to Steinberg, and US patent applications 2005/0047655 and 2005/0047656 to Luo et al. All of these patents and published applications are hereby incorporated by reference.

In FIG. 4(a) we show an example of how an outline color template can be constructed for redeye regions. FIG. 4(a) shows an eye regions mapped onto a rectangular grid. Each block of the grid 201 corresponds to an 8×8 pixel block. The main redeye defect 204 is typically surrounded by an iris region 203 and an additional eye-white region 202 and the boundary of the main redeye region, 206 as determined by a redeye filter.

Next, in FIG. 4(b) we show the approximate color which will be recorded by the DC coefficient of each DCT block after the image in FIG. 4(a) is transformed into the DCT domain. The colour combinations shown in FIG. 4(b) are as follows: R is a reddish hue indicative of a flash-eye defect phenomenon; S is a hue indicative of a skin colour; W: indicates a whitish colour associated with the eye-white region; I: is the Iris colour of the eye which can vary significantly from person to person; WS: indicates a block with mixed skin and eye-white; RW: is a block with mixed redeye and eye white; and RI: has a hue which is a mix of red and the Iris color. Now if sufficiently inclusive color filtering is applied to these image blocks it is possible to determine directly from the DC coefficients of the DCT domain image a color map for a typical redeye. FIG. 4(c) illustrates a region which will be determined as red if an inclusive color filter is used. FIGS. 4(d) and 4(e) illustrate this for eye white and skin color regions surrounding the flash eye defect region. This data can, for example, be used to build a set of color templates for a flash eye defect region. By applying other conventional techniques it is possible to determine DCT blocks which contain sharp edges, or transitions between color regions. This can provide additional information to improve the DCT prefilter detection process.

A potential disadvantage in the embodiment of FIG. 3(a) is that it requires the entire image to be decompressed in order to perform the second-step redeye filtering process. As most cameras use JPEG compression which is lossy it is desirable for certain embodiments to implement a lossless embodiment which allows a two-stage redeye process to be applied within an image acquisition appliance without loss of image quality.

Accordingly, FIG. 5 illustrates a functional implementation of modified redeye filtering process which allows an analysis optimized redeye detection and correction to occur in playback mode, without loss of image quality. This also allows complex post-processing, to be implemented in incremental steps. Thus, when a camera is idle with respect to user activity, yet is still switched on it may load and commence processing of an image. When user activity recommences the camera can recompress and save the image being processed prior to responding to the user. As the embodiment described below allows lossless saving and restoration of a image within the camera, it thus facilitates incremental process of an image which is not limited to redeye, but may be applied likewise to other in-camera methods such as face detection or recognition.

Various means of sensing user activity may be alternatively employed. One exemple includes detecting camera motion and optionally correlating this with other in-camera functions such as an autofocus subsystem and a user-interface subsystem. A camera may also incorporate a power-saving mode which determines that the camera has been inactive long enough to disable certain subsystems. When such a mode is activated by user inactivity then additional background image processing can be initiated without interfering with the use of the appliance by the user.

Returning to FIG. 5, an embodiment is illustrated which incorporates a speed-optimized redeye filter 411 in the main image acquisition chain 401. In this exemplary embodiment, the speed optimization of the filter is achieved by implementing a minimal set of falsing and validation filters and no correction process is applied during the main image acquisition chain. In alternative embodiments the speed optimization techniques described in relation to embodiments above may optionally be incorporated or substituted.

After an image is analyzed by this speed optimized redeye filter 411 it is subsequently compressed 427-1 and stored 410. In addition data relating to the location of candidate redeye regions and false positives is recorded and associated with the stored image.

Now when the camera can initiate background processing, as described above, or when the user enters playback mode and selects an image for viewing it will be partially decompressed 433 from JPEG to DCT block form. As this decompression step is lossless there is no loss of quality to the main image which is temporarily stored in memory and passed to a DCT region decompressor 430. This DCT region decompressor uses the data stored and associated with the original image to determine the specific DCT blocks which contain candidate redeye regions, and, optionally, false positive regions which may benefit from additional detection processing if sufficient time & system resources are available.

Each decompressed DCT region is then incrementally filtered by one or more redeye filters to determine corrections which should be applied to said DCT image block.

In certain embodiments, DCT blocks may be decompressed to bitmap format and filtered as a pixel block. In other embodiments adjacent, non-candidate DCT blocks may be included in the decompression 430 and filtering 412 processes. Once a decompressed DCT block region, which may include multiple DCT blocks, has been corrected by the redeye filter 412 then the corrected DCT image segment is passed onto a DCT block matching module 416 which, in addition to checking the alignment of DCT blocks will also check the integration of the corrected DCT blocks within the partially decompressed and temporarily stored DCT block image. When all candidate DCT blocks and any adjacent DCT blocks included in the redeye filter analysis have been corrected they are overwritten onto the partially decompressed and temporarily stored DCT block image by a DCT region overwriter 418 module. The partially decompressed and temporarily stored DCT block image is next passed to the DCT to JPEG image compression module 427-1 and is losslessly compressed back to JPEG format.

Note that in this way the only regions of the image which are decompressed using lossy techniques are those identified by the speed optimized redeye filter 411 in the image acquisition chain. As these image regions are to be corrected the effect of lossy decompression and recompression on them will thus be negligible.

Several further embodiments can be identified. These include (i) saving a copy of the original defect region prior to overwriting the DCT blocks which contain the image defect in the temporary copy of the DCT image. This alternative embodiment supports lossless restoration of the original image. The saved original DCT block region containing the defect can be stored within the header of the JPEG image. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,166 to Ratnakar et al., watermark data is incorporated in the image. Thus the corrected image can contain a copy of any original uncorrected regions. Alternatively (ii) multiple alternative correction algorithms can be employed and these may be temporarily copied for later storage in the JPEG header for later selection by an end user through a user interface, either on the camera or subsequently in a computer based image processing application. The overwriting step is optional. If it is used, then certain image analysis criteria can be applied as additional processing either immediately prior to overwriting, or as an integral part of detecting or correcting red-eye or combinations thereof.

Further aspects of these embodiments are illustrated in FIGS. 6(a)-(c). FIG. 6(a) illustrates an example of the original defect region 506 stored in the header 504 and the corrected defect region 508 applied to the main image body 502. FIG. 6(b) illustrates an example of the corrected defect region 508 stored in the header 504 and the original defect region 506 remaining uncorrected in the main image body 502. FIG. 6(c) illustrates an example of the original defect region 506 and at least one alternative corrected defect region 508-2 stored in the header 504 and the optimally determined corrected defect region 508-1 applied to the main image body 502. The graphical representations of “corrected” and “uncorrected” eye regions used in FIGS. 6(a)-(c) is for illustrative purposes; while graphical eye-regions preferably actually represents a transformed block of DCT coefficients.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above herein, which may be amended or modified without departing from the scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims, and structural and functional equivalents thereof.

In methods that may be performed according to preferred embodiments herein and that may have been described above and/or claimed below, the operations have been described in selected typographical sequences. However, the sequences have been selected and so ordered for typographical convenience and are not intended to imply any particular order for performing the operations.

In addition, all references cited above herein, in addition to the background and summary of the invention sections, are hereby incorporated by reference into the detailed description of the preferred embodiments as disclosing alternative embodiments and components. 

1. A digital image acquisition system, comprising: (a) an image acquisition device comprising: (i) an imaging optic and detector for acquiring an image; (ii) a first speed-optimized filter for producing a first set of candidate red-eye regions for an acquired image; and (iii) an image encoder for encoding said acquired image; and (b) an image store memory for storing therein said encoded image in association with said first set of candidate red-eye regions for later image processing of said encoded image.
 2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said first speed-optimized filter is configured to operate on a low resolution version of said acquired image.
 3. A device according to claim 2, wherein said first speed-optimized filter is configured to operate on a sub-sampled version of said acquired image.
 4. A device according to claim 2, wherein said image acquisition device is configured to perform a Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) of an acquired image of N*M pixels to produce an array of X*Y DCT blocks, where X and Y are less than N and M, respectively, and wherein said first speed-optimized filter is configured to operate on DCT characteristics of said DCT blocks.
 5. A device according to claim 4, in which said filter is configured to selectively operate on the chroma coefficients of said DCT characteristics.
 6. A device according to claim 4, in which said filter is configured to operate on the DC coefficients of said DCT characteristics.
 7. A device according to claim 4, wherein said image compressor is configured to produce a lossy encoded image from said DCT blocks.
 8. A device according to claim 7, wherein said encoded image comprises a JPEG image.
 9. A device according to claim 8, wherein said image compressor is configured to store said first set of candidate red-eye regions in a header or a footer, or both, of said JPEG image.
 10. A device according to claim 4, wherein said first set of candidate red-eye regions comprises a set of DCT block identifiers.
 11. A device according to claim 1, further comprising a first image correction module for correcting one or more of said first set of candidate red-eye regions in an acquired image prior to display of said corrected image on said display.
 12. A device according to claim 11, in which said first image correction module is configured to correct said acquired image prior to encoding by said image compressor, and wherein an indication of a region corrected by said first image correction module is stored in association with said corrected image.
 13. A device according to claim 11, wherein said image acquisition device is configured to acquire a subsequent image after display of said corrected acquired image on said display.
 14. A device according to claim 11, further comprising a second analysis-optimised filter configured to be activated after display of said first speed-optimized corrected acquired image on said display.
 15. A device according to claim 1, operable to communicate with a second analysis-optimised filter configured to produce a second set of candidate red-eye regions for said stored image based on an analysis of said stored image and said first set of candidate red-eye regions.
 16. A device according to claim 1, wherein said device is configured to partially decompress said stored image to produce an array of regions, each corresponding to a one or more pixels of an originally acquired image, and wherein a second analysis-optimized filter is configured to operate on regions of said array identified as corresponding to regions of said first speed-optimized set of candidate red-eye regions.
 17. A device according to claim 16, wherein said second analysis-optimized filter is configured to fully decompress said identified regions and to analyse said regions at a pixel level.
 18. A device according to claim 15 further comprising an image correction module for correcting an acquired imaged based on one or both of said first and second set of red-eye candidate regions.
 19. A device according to claim 15, wherein said second analysis filter is implemented in an image playback module configured to render said compressed image at a relatively high resolution.
 20. A device according to claim 19, in which said image playback module is integrally implemented on said digital image acquisition device and wherein said image playback module is configured to display an image on said image display.
 21. A device according to claim 19, in which said image playback module is configured to run on a remote device and wherein said digital image acquisition device is configured to communicate said compressed image and said associated first set of candidate red-eye regions to said remote device.
 22. A device according to claim 14, wherein said second analysis-optimized filter is optimized for accuracy.
 23. A device according to claim 1, wherein the image acquisition device further comprises an image compressor for compressing said acquired image.
 24. A device according to claim 1, wherein the image acquisition device further comprises a display for displaying an image stored on said acquisition device.
 25. A device according to claim 1, further comprising a signal connection for transferring said image to a PC or other microprocessor-based device, or both, for further image processing of said encoded image.
 26. An image acquisition device comprising: (a) an imaging optic and detector for acquiring an image; (b) a first speed optimized filter for producing a first set of candidate red-eye regions for an acquired image; and (c) an image encoder for encoding said acquired image.
 27. A device according to claim 26, further comprising an image store memory for storing therein an encoded image in association with said first set of candidate red-eye regions for later image processing by said analysis-optimized filter.
 28. An device according to claim 26, further comprising a display for displaying an image processed by said first speed-optimized filter.
 29. A device according to claim 26, further comprising an image compressor for compressing said acquired image.
 30. A device according to claim 26, further comprising a signal connection for transferring said image to a PC or other microprocessor-based device, or both, for further image processing of said encoded image.
 31. A method of processing a digital image comprising: (a) filtering an acquired image with a first speed optimized filter to produce a first set of candidate red-eye regions; (b) encoding said acquired image; and (c) storing said encoded image in association with said first set of candidate red-eye regions for later image processing of said encoded image.
 32. A method according to claim 31, wherein said filtering comprises operating on a low resolution version of said acquired image.
 33. A method according to claim 32, wherein said filtering comprises operating on a sub-sampled version of said acquired image.
 34. A method according to claim 32, further comprising performing a Discrete Cosine Transformation (DCT) of an acquired image of N*M pixels to produce an array of X*Y DCT blocks, where X and Y are less than N and M, respectively, and wherein said filtering comprises operating on DCT characteristics of said DCT blocks.
 35. A method according to claim 34, wherein said filtering comprises selectively operating on the chroma coefficients of said DCT characteristics.
 36. A method according to claim 34, wherein said filtering comprises operating on the DC coefficients of said DCT characteristics.
 37. A method according to claim 34, further comprising producing a lossy encoded image from said DCT blocks.
 38. A method according to claim 34, further comprising storing said first set of candidate red-eye regions in a header or a footer, or both, of said JPEG image.
 39. A method according to claim 31, further comprising correcting one or more of said first set of candidate red-eye regions in an acquired image prior to display of said corrected image on said display.
 40. A method according to claim 39, comprising correcting said acquired image prior to encoding by said image compressor, and storing an indication of a region corrected by said first image correction module in association with said corrected image.
 41. A method according to claim 39, further comprising acquiring a subsequent image after display of said corrected acquired image on said display.
 42. A method according to claim 39, further comprising activating a second analysis-optimized filter after display of said first speed-optimized corrected acquired image on said display.
 43. A method according to claim 31, further comprising communicating with a second analysis-optimized filter configured to produce a second set of candidate red-eye regions for said stored image based on an analysis of said stored image and said first set of candidate red-eye regions.
 44. A method according to claim 31, further comprising transferring said encoded image to a PC or other microprocessor-based device, or both, for further processing of said encoded image.
 45. A method according to claim 31, further comprising displaying said encoded image.
 46. A method according to claim 31, further comprising compressing said encoded image.
 47. A method according to claim 46, further comprising at least partially decompressing said stored image to produce an array of regions, each corresponding to a one or more pixels of an originally acquired image, and operating a second analysis-optimized filter on regions of said array identified as corresponding to regions of said first speed-optimized set of candidate red-eye regions.
 48. A method according to claim 47, comprising fully decompressing said identified regions and analyzing said regions at a pixel level.
 49. A method according to claim 47, further comprising correcting an acquired imaged based on one or both of said first and second set of red-eye candidate regions.
 50. A method according to claim 47, further comprising implementing a second analysis filter in an image playback module for rendering said compressed image at a relatively high resolution.
 51. A method according to claim 50, comprising integrally implementing said playback module on said digital image acquisition device for displaying an image on said image display.
 52. A method according to claim 50, further comprising running said image playback module on a remote device and communicating said compressed image and said associated first set of candidate red-eye regions to said remote device.
 53. One or more processor readable storage devices having processor readable code embodied thereon, said processor readable code for programming one or more processors to perform a method of processing a digital image, the method comprising: (a) filtering an acquired image with a first speed optimized filter to produce a first set of candidate red-eye regions; (b) encoding said acquired image; and (c) storing said encoded image in association with said first set of candidate red-eye regions for later image processing of said encoded image.
 54. The one or more storage devices of claim 53, wherein said filtering comprises operating on a low resolution version of said acquired image.
 55. The one or more storage devices of claim 53, the method further comprising correcting one or more of said first set of candidate red-eye regions in an acquired image prior to display of said corrected image on said display.
 56. The one or more storage devices of claim 53, the method further comprising communicating with a second analysis-optimized filter configured to produce a second set of candidate red-eye regions for said stored image based on an analysis of said stored image and said first set of candidate red-eye regions.
 57. The one or more storage device of claim 53, the method further comprising transferring said encoded image to a PC or other microprocessor-based device, or both, for further processing of said encoded image.
 58. The one or more storage devices of claim 53, the method further comprising displaying said encoded image.
 59. The one or more storage devices of claim 53, the method further comprising compressing said encoded image.
 60. The one or more storage devices of claim 59, the method further comprising at least partially decompressing said stored image to produce an array of regions, each corresponding to a one or more pixels of an originally acquired image, and operating a second analysis-optimized filter on regions of said array identified as corresponding to regions of said first speed-optimized set of candidate red-eye regions.
 61. The one or more storage devices of claim 60, the method further comprising fully decompressing said identified regions and analyzing said regions at a pixel level.
 62. The one or more storage devices of claim 60, the method further comprising correcting an acquired imaged based on one or both of said first and second set of red-eye candidate regions.
 63. The one or more storage devices of claim 60, the method further comprising implementing a second analysis filter in an image playback module for rendering said compressed image at a relatively high resolution.
 64. The one or more storage devices of claim 63, comprising integrally implementing said playback module on said digital image acquisition device for displaying an image on said image display.
 65. The onr or more storage devices of claim 63, further comprising running said image playback module on a remote device and communicating said compressed image and said associated first set of candidate red-eye regions to said remote device. 